dpkg 命令
dpkg 命令 是 Debian 系列 Linux 系统用来安装、创建和管理软件包的工具。
语法
dpkg [option] [package.deb|package]
其中 [option] 指可选参数，package.deb 指的是离线软件包，package 指的是基于 package.deb 安装的系统软件。
下面是参数 option 说明：
-i,--install <package.deb> 安装离线软件包
-l,--list <package> 列出已安装的软件(如果指定 package 则显示该软件的信息)
-L,--listfiles <package> 列出与该软件关联的文件
--confiugre <package> 配置软件
-c,--contents <package.deb> 显示软件包文件信息
-r,--remove <package> 卸载使用 -i 参数安装的软件, 但不删除配置数据
-P,--purge <package> 卸载使用 -i 参数安装的软件, 同时删除配置数据
下面以 qq 音乐离线软件包为例做说明：
$ ls
qqmusic_1.1.3_amd64.deb
安装离线软件包
$ sudo dpkg -i qqmusic_1.1.3_amd64.deb
Selecting previously unselected package qqmusic.
(Reading database ... 173727 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack qqmusic_1.1.3_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking qqmusic (1.1.3) ...
Setting up qqmusic (1.1.3) ...
Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.36.0-1) ...
Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.26-1) ...
Processing triggers for mailcap (3.69) ...
Processing triggers for hicolor-icon-theme (0.17-2) ...
列出已安装的软件
$ dpkg -l qqmusic
Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold
| Status=Not/Inst/Conf-files/Unpacked/halF-conf/Half-inst/trig-aWait/Trig-pend
|/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-required (Status,Err: uppercase=bad)
||/ Name Version Architecture Description
+++-==============-============-============-=================================
ii qqmusic 1.1.3 amd64 qqmusic for linux
如果不指定 package 则展示系统上全部的软件信息：
$ dpkg -l
Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold
| Status=Not/Inst/Conf-files/Unpacked/halF-conf/Half-inst/trig-aWait/Trig-pend
|/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-required (Status,Err: uppercase=bad)
||/ Name Version Architecture Description
+++-======================================-===============================-============-=====================================================================================>
ii accountsservice 0.6.55-3 amd64 query and manipulate user account information
ii acl 2.2.53-10 amd64 access control list - utilities
ii adduser 3.118 all add and remove users and groups
ii adwaita-icon-theme 3.38.0-1 all default icon theme of GNOME
ii alsa-topology-conf 1.2.4-1 all ALSA topology configuration files
ii alsa-ucm-conf 1.2.4-2 all ALSA Use Case Manager configuration files
ii alsa-utils 1.2.4-1 amd64 Utilities for configuring and using ALSA
ii anacron 2.3-30 amd64 cron-like program that doesn't go by time
ii apache2-bin 2.4.52-1~deb11u2 amd64 Apache HTTP Server (modules and other binary files)
ii apg 2.2.3.dfsg.1-5+b2 amd64 Automated Password Generator - Standalone version
ii apparmor 2.13.6-10 amd64 user-space parser utility for AppArmor
ii appstream 0.14.4-1 amd64 Software component metadata management
ii apt 2.2.4 amd64 commandline package manager
ii apt-config-icons 0.14.4-1 all APT configuration snippet to enable icon downloads
...
列出与软件关联的文件
某些开发相关的软件安装完成后少不了需要修改配置文件的需求，所以查找系统上与改软件相关联的文件就显得很重要了：
$ dpkg -L qqmusic
/.
/opt
/opt/qqmusic
/opt/qqmusic/v8_context_snapshot.bin
/opt/qqmusic/qqmusic
/opt/qqmusic/libvk_swiftshader.so
/opt/qqmusic/swiftshader
/opt/qqmusic/swiftshader/libGLESv2.so
/opt/qqmusic/swiftshader/libEGL.so
/opt/qqmusic/resources.pak
/opt/qqmusic/snapshot_blob.bin
/opt/qqmusic/chrome-sandbox
/opt/qqmusic/icudtl.dat
/opt/qqmusic/chrome_100_percent.pak
/opt/qqmusic/vk_swiftshader_icd.json
/opt/qqmusic/libGLESv2.so
/opt/qqmusic/chrome_200_percent.pak
/opt/qqmusic/libEGL.so
/opt/qqmusic/resources
...
配置软件
某些软件安装完成后还可以使用 --configure 参数做相应的配置。当然了，qq音乐是不支持的：
$ sudo dpkg --configure qqmusic
显示软件包文件信息
.deb 文件本身就是一种包文件，既然是打包后的文件肯定就能查看包文件信息了：
$ sudo dpkg -c qqmusic_1.1.3_amd64.deb
drwxrwxr-x 0/0 0 2022-02-08 16:28 ./
drwxr-xr-x 0/0 0 2022-02-08 16:28 ./opt/
drwxrwxr-x 0/0 0 2022-02-08 16:28 ./opt/qqmusic/
-rw-r--r-- 0/0 622528 2022-02-08 16:28 ./opt/qqmusic/v8_context_snapshot.bin
-rwxr-xr-x 0/0 116376232 2022-02-08 16:28 ./opt/qqmusic/qqmusic
-rwxr-xr-x 0/0 16596184 2022-02-08 16:28 ./opt/qqmusic/libvk_swiftshader.so
drwxrwxr-x 0/0 0 2022-02-08 16:28 ./opt/qqmusic/swiftshader/
-rwxr-xr-x 0/0 3263488 2022-02-08 16:28 ./opt/qqmusic/swiftshader/libGLESv2.so
卸载软件
软件安装后想要卸载可以使用 -r 参数：
$ sudo dpkg -r qqmusic
(Reading database ... 173846 files and directories currently installed.)
Removing qqmusic (1.1.3) ...
Processing triggers for hicolor-icon-theme (0.17-2) ...
Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.36.0-1) ...
Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.26-1) ...
Processing triggers for mailcap (3.69) ...
注意 -r 参数后面的 package 是使用 -l 参数展示的名称：
$ sudo dpkg -l qqmusic
Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold
| Status=Not/Inst/Conf-files/Unpacked/halF-conf/Half-inst/trig-aWait/Trig-pend
|/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-required (Status,Err: uppercase=bad)
||/ Name Version Architecture Description
+++-==============-============-============-=================================
iU qqmusic 1.1.3 amd64 qqmusic for linux
删除配置文件
-r 参数虽然卸载的软件。但是相关的配置文件还在系统上没有被删除。因此如果想要彻底删除还要执行下下面的命令：
$ sudo dpkg -P qqmusic
(Reading database ... 173727 files and directories currently installed.)
Purging configuration files for qqmusic (1.1.3) ...